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Moral Origins: The Evolution of Virtue, Altruism, and Shame

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Review

"Christopher Boehm's Moral Origins is a tour de force of a sort rarely seen in any science."―Donald Black, university professor of the social sciences, University of Virginia, and author of Moral Time"[An] engrossing work.... Boehm does a remarkable job of extending previous work and incorporating a historical approach."―Publishers Weekly, starred review"What sets Boehm's approach apart is his effort 'to make the natural history of moral origins more historical'. In so doing he provides a new and coherent map of the evolution of morality.... It is a complex story..., but Boehm's experience doing fieldwork with humans and wild chimps makes him a wonderfully knowledgeable guide. And some of his ideas are truly revolutionary."―New Scientist"How did evolution produce a species that blushes? To explain the uniquely human moral sense, Boehm teases a provocative neo-Darwinian theory out of cutting-edge archaeological, anthropological, and psychological research.... Those looking for a daring new application of empirical science will find it here."―Booklist"[A] provocative scientific contribution...to the millennia-long discussion about the nature of morality.... Thinkers everywhere will be forced--as they are in many arenas--to consider biology in realms that once seemed strictly matters of the heart and soul."―Michael Shermer, Wall Street Journal"One rarely finds such a fully Darwinian, scientifically sound, and wisely accessible book for both professionals and lay audiences as Boehm's study of moral origins; it is far superior to any previous attempts to discuss the subject."―Choice"Astronomers have the Hubble telescope to look back through time, and social scientists have Chris Boehm. Boehm's monumental accomplishment is to give us the most careful and compelling portrait ever created of how our ancestors lived, from three hundred thousand generations ago to five hundred generations ago. Boehm's work is vital for understanding why we are so tribal, punitive, gossipy, religious, and cooperative today."―Jonathan Haidt, professor of psychology, University of Virginia, and author of The Righteous Mind"Few scientists have thought longer and harder about the origins of morality than Christopher Boehm, who brings to the issue a wealth of experience studying both humans and other animals. His thesis that our species has taken moral evolution into its own hands is new and refreshing."―Frans de Waal, author of The Age of Empathy"Moral Origins is an exciting study on the evolution of human morality that is appropriate for scientific researchers and also of interest for the general public as well. Christopher Boehm brilliantly ties fundamental aspects of human cooperation such as altruism, free-riding, and bullying to both primitive and advanced societies. This book is a must for all who are interested in how human morality evolved and functions."―Ernst Fehr, professor of economics, University of Zurich"In Moral Origins, Christopher Boehm uses his vast knowledge of the literature on primates and human hunter-gather populations to address the issue of the origins of human morality. It is a must-read for any social scientist, primatologist, or humanist studying human morality. Equally important, it is beautifully written in an easy and graceful style. Certainly the most informed and best work written by an anthropologist on this set of issues, Moral Origins is a book that I would recommend to any thoughtful person."―Jonathan Turner, distinguished professor of sociology, University of California, Riverside

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About the Author

Christopher Boehm is Director of the Jane Goodall Research Center and Professor of Anthropology and Biological Sciences at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. Boehm' work has been featured in such publications as New Scientist, the New York Times, The Times(London), Natural History, Science News, and in films for National Geographic, Wild Kingdom, and the Discovery Channel. He has lectured widely to groups as diverse as the Human Behavior and Evolution Society, the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the Sante Fe Institute, the Los Angeles and Cincinnati Zoos, and the Naval War College. Boehm is the author of many scientific articles and several previous books, including Hierarchy in the Forest (Harvard). He divides his time between Los Angeles and Santa Fe.

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Product details

Hardcover: 432 pages

Publisher: Basic Books; 1 edition (May 1, 2012)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 0465020488

ISBN-13: 978-0465020485

Product Dimensions:

6.8 x 1.5 x 9.8 inches

Shipping Weight: 1.5 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)

Average Customer Review:

3.9 out of 5 stars

27 customer reviews

Amazon Best Sellers Rank:

#433,759 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

This is one of the best science books I’ve ever read... and I’ve read a lot of them. The topic is evolution and morality, specifically what anthropology has to say about the morals of our hunter gatherer ancestors by studying primates and especially tribes that Boehm calls Late Pleistocene Authentic (LPA), I.e., tribes that were studied before being significantly influenced by modern culture. One thing I especially liked is that Boehm is so honest about various issues. Unlike many other researchers in this area he doesn’t just pick one hypothesis and cherry pick all the facts to support it. He is up front about his preferred hypothesis but he always tries to fairly present the evidence for both sides. Especially regarding group selection, he is just honest that the evolutionary arguments against it are an as yet unsolved issue for his position. The book is well written and for such a complex topic very easy and enjoyable to read, a model of good science writing.

Boehm gives a unique perspective to the origins and evolution of human morals as we know them today. The hypothesis has a solid structure and is backed by an extensive amount of research. I would definitely recommend this read to anyone interested in human behaviour or those who display an interest in anthropological history. I will definitely be looking for more titles published by Christopher Boehm.

In Christopher Boehm's earlier book Hierarchy in the Forest: the Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior (1999), he describes how hunter-gatherer and horticultural societies created egalitarian societies. The band or tribe members co-operated to prevent "alpha" type males from dominating their group. Having language helped them achieve this political equality, which chimpanzees would like to achieve and occasionally try to achieve but cannot maintain. Boehm is both an anthropologist and a primatologist and has studied egalitarian band, tribe and village customs and chimps in the wild. Without language that allows them to communicate and better co-operate, chimps end up with hierarchical societies. Human's egalitarianism is partly "natural" i.e. DNA driven and also made possible by abilities like language facilitated by DNA. Egalitarianism is the result of actions and a culture i.e. learned behavior. It is a question of the actions by all the adult members of the society to block potential tyrants or bullies from using physically force to dominate their group. It allows most males to have mates and requires hunters to share equally the meat of a large animal kill among all the members of the band. It requires alpha types to be generous, not aggressive, and not able to give orders or even assume "airs" of superiority.In Moral Origins, Boehm looks at the evolution of conscience and the sense of shame, linked to the nearly universal (psychopaths do not have it) physiological response of blushing. He writes that only when humans achieved egalitarianism could human morality evolve. He dates these developments tentatively. Egalitarianism started evolving 250,000 thousand years ago and human morality was more or less completed by 50 thousand years ago. By that time, the weak, but clearly evident, (for example when young men volunteer for the military to help their nation) human propensity to altruism, which is defined by biologists as extra familial generosity, had evolved. Boehm writes that it evolved by "social selection" not natural selection. In egalitarian bands, the vast majority of the band selected the traits it most wanted of its members. A tyrant would be gossiped about, coldly greeted, directly talked to, kidded, ridiculed, shunned, ostracized or even executed. It is clear the final two actions changed the gene pools. With positive reinforcement, the generous, emotionally tranquil, and not easily angered were seen as better marriage or hunting/gathering partners. These desired traits and individuals were socially selected and affected human gene pools.This version of the human story explains a difficult problem for peace and justice activists. Posed as a question: if human beings are by nature selfish or self-interested as mainstream social scientists assert, how can we create the kind of society we want? We know the answer intuitively. If the vast majority of people learn to cooperate, they can use nonviolent methods to force an altruistic morality on our alphas. Alphas may have talents that help societies, but they cannot use their status to dominate others. Counter intuitively, it is in the self-interest of the vast majority to create a society with an altruistic culture, for it benefits all. Conversely, the desire for upward mobility in a ranked system and the illusion that a person is just "one break away from making it big time" is one of the biggest barriers to the solidarity needed for such an optimal society. American culture has always nourished that individual desire and that illusion.If it is true that human morality could not evolve in prehistory until our ancestors achieved egalitarianism, what has happened to human morality since? In strongly hierarchical societies like ancient Rome and the America of plutocracy and empire, most people sense a "breakdown of morality". The upshot of Boehm's thinking is that we, here in the USA, need to recreate an egalitarian society or at the least a true equal opportunity society. Only then, when everyone has the necessities of life and some dignity, can we say we have become moral.

This is an author's speculation of where morals, shame, consciousness come from. He is clear to state what is supported by science and what are educated GUESSES. His writing is a bit challenging but a very good read overall if you are into evolution, anthropology, sociology...

I found this book because of Sebastian Junger's book Tribe. It told a familiar story of the growth of reciprocal altruism in the historical context.Well explained if sometimes a bit dismissive of those who preceded him.

Made the case for human morality as fundamentally developed by our hunter gatherer ancestors functioning in small bands where democratic cooperation was necessary to a thriving community.

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